Saint Peter’s Square is the vast open space in Vatican City before Saint Peter’s Basilica. Gian Lorenzo Bernini designed it in the 17th century, shaping the curved colonnades to welcome the crowds who gather for papal ceremonies. Look for the ancient obelisk at the centre, the fountains, and the statues above the columns. White marble markers near the fountains reveal an optical effect: from these points, the rows of columns seem to line up as one. The square is especially striking in the evening light.
Bernini’s design
Gian Lorenzo Bernini designed the square between 1656 and 1667. Its broad, elliptical plan is framed by two curved colonnades, with the basilica at the far end. The arrangement was made for the crowds who gather here for papal blessings and ceremonies.
The colonnades consist of 284 columns and 88 pillars. Above them, 140 statues of saints look out over the open space. Their placement gives the structure a strong vertical line against the broad sweep of the square.
The obelisk and fountains
An ancient Egyptian obelisk stands at the centre of the square. It was brought to Rome in the first century and moved to its present position in 1586. Two fountains stand on either side, balancing the central monument within the open space.
Near the fountains, look for white marble discs set into the pavement. Stand on one and the overlapping rows of columns appear to align as a single row. It is a small detail that makes the colonnade’s precise layout easier to appreciate.
Ceremonies and changing scenes
The square is used for papal audiences and blessings, and the crowds can grow substantially for these occasions. Wednesday audiences and Sunday gatherings are especially busy, so an early visit is a better choice if you want room to look around.
The setting also changes for seasonal events. A life-sized nativity scene and a large Christmas tree have been displayed in the square. At sunset, light falls across the travertine stone and the statues above the colonnades. The square is open to visitors, though ceremonies can affect access.
Häufige Fragen
Is Saint Peter’s Square free to enter?
Yes. Entry to the square is free.
When is Saint Peter’s Square most crowded?
Crowds are larger on Wednesdays during papal audiences and on Sundays for the Angelus. Special ceremonies also draw large gatherings.
What is the optical illusion in Saint Peter’s Square?
From white marble discs near the fountains, the multiple rows of columns appear to line up as one.
How many statues are above the colonnades?
There are 140 statues of saints above the colonnades.
